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English-Italian glossary

94 terms · Versione italiana · PDF

A

ABC analysis — ABC (analisi) module 2
Ranking items by annual consumption value: a few A items account for most of the value.
AI Act — AI Act module 21
EU Regulation 2024/1689 on artificial intelligence, with obligations scaled to risk level.
Allocated stock — Impegnato module 5
Stock already reserved for confirmed customer orders.
Available to promise (ATP) — ATP (disponibile a promettere) module 5
On hand plus scheduled receipts minus allocated quantities: what can be promised to a new order.

B

Backlog / backorder — Arretrato (ordini inevasi) module 9
Quantity ordered by the customer and not yet shipped, to be filled as soon as stock arrives.
Backtest — Backtest module 7
Testing a forecasting method on past data not used to build it.
Beer Game — Beer Game module 1
MIT role-play game on a four-stage chain that shows the bullwhip effect first-hand.
Bill of materials (BOM) — Bill of materials (distinta base) module 14
Structured list of components and quantities needed to make a product.
Blockchain — Blockchain module 8
Shared distributed ledger where records cannot be altered without trace.
Bullwhip effect — Bullwhip (effetto frusta) module 1
Amplification of order variability moving upstream compared with end-customer demand.

C

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) — CBAM module 11
EU mechanism charging certain imports for their embedded emissions, as for EU production.
Cash-to-cash cycle (C2C) — Cash-to-cash (ciclo di cassa) module 19
DIO + DSO − DPO: days cash is tied up in the operating cycle.
CMR consignment note — CMR (lettera di vettura) module 16
Document for international road carriage governed by the CMR Convention.
Coefficient of variation (CV) — Coefficiente di variazione module 2
Standard deviation divided by the mean: relative demand variability (basis of XYZ).
Cross-docking — Cross-docking module 15
Goods received and shipped onward without being put away into storage.
Customs duty — Dazio module 11
Tax on imports, usually calculated on the customs value (CIF in the EU).
Cycle service level — Livello di servizio (ciclo) module 4
Probability of no stockout during the lead time of a replenishment cycle.

D

Days inventory outstanding (DIO) — DIO (giorni di scorta) module 19
Average inventory divided by daily cost of goods sold.
Days payables outstanding (DPO) — DPO (giorni di pagamento fornitori) module 19
Trade payables divided by daily purchases.
Days sales outstanding (DSO) — DSO (giorni di incasso) module 19
Trade receivables divided by daily sales.
Decoupling point — Punto di disaccoppiamento module 1
Point in the chain where make-to-stock turns into make-to-order.
Digital twin — Gemello digitale module 21
Digital model of a real system fed by its data, used to simulate decisions.
Distribution network — Rete distributiva module 18
Set of plants, hubs, depots and links delivering goods to customers.
Distribution requirements planning (DRP) — DRP (pianificazione della distribuzione) module 10
Time-phased calculation of depot requirements and hub transfers.

E

Economic order quantity (EOQ) — EOQ (lotto economico) module 4
Order quantity minimising ordering plus holding cost: √(2DS/H).
Exponential smoothing — Smoothing esponenziale module 7
Forecast weighting recent data more: F(t+1) = α·D(t) + (1−α)·F(t).

F

Fill rate — Fill rate module 4
Share of demand met immediately from available stock.
First expired, first out (FEFO) — FEFO module 15
The lot expiring first is shipped first.
First in, first out (FIFO) — FIFO module 15
The lot received first is shipped first.
Forecast — Previsione module 7
Estimate of future demand with a stated method and measured error.
Forecast bias — Bias di previsione module 7
Mean signed error: shows whether forecasts are systematically too high or too low.
Framework agreement — Accordo quadro module 13
Contract setting prices and terms for a period; actual orders are called off later.
Full truckload (FTL) — FTL (camion completo) module 16
Transport with a vehicle dedicated to one shipment, priced per trip.

H

Holding cost — Costo di mantenimento module 4
Annual cost of keeping an item in stock: capital, space, insurance, obsolescence.

I

Incoterms — Incoterms module 11
ICC rules defining who pays what and where risk passes between seller and buyer.
Inventory position — Posizione di scorta module 4
On hand + on order − backorders: the basis of the reorder point.
Inventory turnover — Indice di rotazione module 4
Cost of goods sold divided by average inventory: how often stock turns over per year.

K

Kaizen — Kaizen module 20
Continuous improvement in small steps by the people doing the work.
Kanban — Kanban module 20
Signal (card, empty bin) authorising production or replenishment of only what was consumed.
Key performance indicator (KPI) — KPI module 1
Metric measuring a performance objective.
Kraljic matrix — Matrice di Kraljic module 13
Classifies purchases by profit impact and supply risk: leverage, strategic, non-critical, bottleneck.

L

Landed cost — Costo sbarcato module 11
Purchase price plus freight, insurance, duties, customs and logistics costs to the warehouse.
Lead time — Lead time module 3
Time between placing an order and goods being available.
Lean — Lean module 20
Approach eliminating waste and making value flow at the pace of demand.
Less than truckload (LTL) / groupage — Groupage (collettame) module 16
Shipment sharing the vehicle with others, priced per pallet or weight.
Loading dock — Zona di carico module 15
Area with bays for loading and unloading vehicles.
Lot-for-lot — Lotto per lotto module 14
MRP rule ordering exactly each period's net requirement.

M

Material requirements planning (MRP) — MRP (pianificazione dei fabbisogni) module 14
Calculating component requirements from the BOM and master production schedule.
Mean absolute deviation (MAD) — MAD module 7
Mean of absolute forecast errors.
Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) — MAPE module 7
Mean absolute error as a percentage of actual demand.
Moving average — Media mobile module 7
Forecast equal to the average of the last n periods.
Muda (waste) — Muda (spreco) module 20
Activity consuming resources without creating customer value.

N

Nearshoring — Nearshoring module 12
Moving supply or production to countries close to the end market.
Net trade working capital — Capitale circolante netto commerciale module 19
Trade receivables plus inventory minus trade payables.

O

Obsolescence — Obsolescenza module 4
Loss of value of stock that will no longer sell at full price.
On time in full (OTIF) — OTIF module 5
Share of orders delivered by the promised date and complete.
On-hand inventory — Giacenza module 4
Goods physically in the warehouse.
Order picking — Picking module 15
Retrieving goods from locations to prepare orders.
Ordering cost — Costo di ordinazione module 4
Fixed cost of placing and receiving an order, independent of quantity.
Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) — OEE (efficienza complessiva) module 14
Availability × performance × quality of a piece of equipment.

P

Pallet — Pallet module 16
Standard load unit (in Europe EPAL 80×120 cm).
Pick list — Distinta di prelievo module 15
List of lines to pick, sorted by route, to prepare one or more orders.
Planned order — Ordine pianificato module 14
Order proposed by the planning system, not yet released.
Precision and recall — Precisione e richiamo module 21
Precision: share of alerts that are true; recall: share of true cases found.
Process cycle efficiency (PCE) — PCE (efficienza del ciclo) module 20
Value-added time divided by total lead time.
Production levelling (heijunka) — Heijunka (livellamento) module 20
Spreading volume and mix evenly to avoid peaks.

R

Regional distribution centre — Deposito regionale module 16
Warehouse close to customers, replenished by the central hub, shortening delivery times.
Reorder point (ROP) — Punto di riordino module 4
Inventory position at which a new order is placed: lead-time demand + safety stock.
Request for quotation (RFQ) — Gara (RFQ) module 13
Request for bids from several suppliers on defined specifications.
Resilience — Resilienza module 12
Ability of the chain to absorb a shock and recover customer service quickly.
Return — Reso module 17
Goods sent back by the customer, to inspect and route (stock, refurbishing, supplier, disposal).
Reverse logistics — Logistica inversa module 17
Managing return flows: returns, repairs, refurbishing, recycling.

S

Safety stock — Scorta di sicurezza module 4
Extra stock covering demand and lead-time variability: z · σ · √LT.
Sales and operations planning (S&OP) — S&OP (pianificazione vendite e operations) module 10
Monthly process aligning demand, supply and finance into one plan approved by management.
SCOR Digital Standard — SCOR DS module 1
ASCM reference model of processes; in the Digital Standard: Orchestrate, Plan, Order, Source, Transform, Fulfill, Return.
Seasonality — Stagionalità module 7
Demand variation repeating with a known cycle (month, week).
Single sourcing — Single sourcing module 13
Buying an item from just one supplier, by choice.
Slotting — Slotting module 15
Assigning storage locations to items based on velocity and size.
SQL — SQL module 6
Language for querying relational databases.
Stock transfer — Trasferimento module 16
Movement of goods between two warehouses of the same company.
Stockout — Rottura di stock module 4
Lack of stock when the customer asks for it.
Storage location (bin) — Ubicazione module 15
Identified physical place where goods are stored in the warehouse.
Supplier scorecard — Vendor rating module 3
Periodic assessment of suppliers on delivery, quality, price and service.
Supply risk — Rischio di fornitura module 12
Probability and impact of a disruption or deterioration in supply.
Sustainability due diligence — Due diligence di sostenibilità module 12
Process to identify and mitigate human-rights and environmental impacts along the chain (CSDDD).

T

Takt time — Takt time module 20
Available time divided by demand: the pace at which to produce.
Three-way match — Three-way match module 5
Checking the invoice against the purchase order and goods receipt before paying.
Total cost of ownership (TCO) — Costo totale di possesso module 3
All costs related to a purchase over its life, not just the price.
Traceability — Tracciabilità module 8
Ability to reconstruct a lot's origin and path along the chain.

V

Value stream map (VSM) — Value stream map module 20
Map of material and information flow with value-added and waiting times.

W

Warehouse management system (WMS) — WMS module 15
Software managing locations, tasks and movements in the warehouse.
WEEE — RAEE module 17
Waste electrical and electronic equipment, with take-back duties for distributors.
Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) — Costo del capitale (WACC) module 19
Average return required by shareholders and lenders; applied to capital tied up in inventory.

X

XYZ analysis — XYZ (analisi) module 2
Classifying items by demand regularity (coefficient of variation).